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The long and short scales are two of several large-number naming systems for integer powers of ten, that use the same words with different meanings: ;Long scale: Every new term greater than ''million'' is one million times larger than the previous term. Thus, ''billion'' means ''a million millions'' (1012), ''trillion'' means ''a million billions'' (1018), and so on.〔〔 ;Short scale: Every new term greater than ''million'' is one thousand times larger than the previous term. Thus, ''billion'' means ''a thousand millions'' (109), ''trillion'' means ''a thousand billions'' (1012), and so on.〔〔 For integers less than a thousand million (< 109) the two scales are identical. From a thousand million up (≥ 109) the two scales diverge, using the same words for different numbers; this can cause misunderstanding. Countries where the long scale is currently used include most countries in continental Europe and most French-speaking, Spanish-speaking,〔(Authoritative RAE dictionary: billón )〕 and Portuguese-speaking countries except Brazil. The short scale is now used in most English-speaking and Arabic-speaking countries, in Brazil, and several other countries. Number names are rendered in the language of the country, but are similar everywhere due to shared etymology (e.g., ''billion'' is ''billón'' in Spanish). Some languages, particularly in East Asia and South Asia, have large number naming systems that are different from both the long and short scales, for example the Indian numbering system.〔 〕〔 〕 For most of the 19th and 20th centuries, the United Kingdom largely used the long scale,〔 〕 whereas the United States used the short scale,〔 so that the two systems were often referred to as ''British'' and ''American'' in the English language. After several decades of increasing informal British usage of the short scale, in 1974 the government of the UK adopted it,〔 〕 and it is used for all purposes including official.〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕 With very few exceptions,〔 〕 the British usage and American usage are now identical. The first recorded use of the terms ''short scale'' ((フランス語:échelle courte)) and ''long scale'' ((フランス語:échelle longue)) was by the French mathematician Geneviève Guitel in 1975.〔〔 ==Comparison== At and above a thousand million (≥ 109) the same names are used to refer to numbers differing by a factor of an integer power of 1,000. Each scale has a logical justification to explain the use of each such differing numerical name and value within that scale. The short-scale logic is based on powers of one thousand, whereas the long-scale logic is based on powers of one million. In both scales, the prefix bi- refers to "2" and tri- refers to "3", etc. However only in the long scale do the prefixes beyond one million indicate the actual power or exponent (of 1,000,000). In the short scale, the prefixes refer to one less than the exponent (of 1,000). The relationship between the numeric values and the corresponding names in the two scales can be described as: The relationship between the names and the corresponding numeric values in the two scales can be described as: The root ''mil'' in "million" does not refer to the numeral "one". The word ''million'' derives from the Old French ''milion'' from the earlier Old Italian ''milione'', an intensification of the Latin word ''mille'', a thousand. That is, a ''million'' is a "big thousand", much as a "great gross" is a dozen gross or 1728.〔 〕 The word ''milliard'', or its translation, is found in many European languages and is used in those languages for 109. However, it is unknown in American English, which uses ''billion'', and not used in British English, which preferred to use ''thousand million'' before the current usage of ''billion''. The financial term ''yard'', which derives from ''milliard'', is used on financial markets, as, unlike the term ''billion'', it is internationally unambiguous and phonetically distinct from ''million''. Likewise, many long scale countries use the word ''billiard'' (or similar) for a thousand long scale billions (i.e. 1015), and the word ''trilliard'' (or similar) for a thousand long scale trillions (i.e. 1021), etc.〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Long and short scales」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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